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Japan turns to its own military

Japan turns to its own military

For decades, Japan has depended on the U.S. military for protection. Now, as regional threats mount and the war in Ukraine raises alarms, Japan is pushing to increase its own defenses.

The governing party has sought to drastically increase Japan’s defense budget and develop more military hardware domestically. The government is also trying to redefine what it can do with such weapons under the country’s pacifist Constitution, which has been in place since the end of World War II.

By asserting its own deterrent power, Japan — the world’s third-largest economy — could become less a military protectorate of the U.S. and more an equal partner. The effort is intended not to distance it from the protective umbrella, but to ensure that Tokyo’s bond with Washington remains strong.

In so doing, Japan could alter the balance of power in Asia and become a stronger counter to China — which it does not want to antagonize — and North Korea. Both have sent missiles uncomfortably close to Japan in recent months.

Background: Japan hosts the largest contingent of overseas U.S. troops and has bought more U.S.-made F-35 stealth fighter jets than any country other than the U.S.

Know differences between Japan’s temples and shrines

Know differences between Japan’s temples and shrines

by Stripes Okinawa

November 7, 2022

People may be surprised to hear that Japan has more temples (77,000) and shrines (81,000) than convenience stores (48,908). But according to the Agency for Cultural Affairs, it’s true. When it comes to the differences between these two types of sanctuaries, however, the equation is not so simple.

Many of my foreign friends ask me, “What’s the difference?” Honestly, even for Japanese, it’s a little obscure. We don’t really put too much value on which of these places we go to pray. We put more value on going someplace to pray. Sometimes, a temple and shrine can even look similar. They may even be on the same grounds.  So, what is the difference, anyway?

The simplest answer is that a shrine is a Shinto place of worship and a temple is for Buddhism.

Shinto is Japan’s indigenous animistic religious practice in which “kami,” or gods, are prayed to or worshiped. These kami can be spirits of nature, such as the sun, mountains and other landforms, or people (usually, the deceased). Shinto literally means “The Way of the Gods.” The practice varies a lot, and there is no single book, like a Bible, that defines it.

“Shrines are the houses of the gods. It is advantageous for local residents to visit local shrines to pray or receive exorcisms,” said Masato Hoshi a priest at Suzukamyo Shrine in Kanagawa. “Shinto originally began as nature worship because gods are believed to be in all living nature. Eventually the worship of ancestors was added to it. Today, Shinto is comprised of various gods.”

Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and took root after a few initial conflicts between its adherents and Shinto practitioners. Despite the early tensions, the two faiths were soon coexisting and cross-pollinating, according to Shinko Mibu, a monk in Sensoji Temple in Tokyo.

“Buddhism was spread by the political authorities after it was introduced in Japan,” said Mibu. “It was a big part of their political strategy to spread the new religion to influence people. Buddhism gradually spread and became mainstream by mixing with Shintoism.

“One reason Buddhism became mainstream is that its methods are more systematic and theoretical, having journeyed so long through India and China,” said Mibu. “But Shintoism did not even have a written book or (specific) teaching, so Buddhism (in Japan) began incorporating Shinto gods into its theoretical stories.”

The mixture of Shinto and Buddhism is called “Shinbutsu shugo,” a kind of intuitional harmonizing of the two faiths that took place from about A.D. 710 to 1868. It evolved into the belief that Shinto gods are actually various manifestations of Buddha, according to Mibu. Except for Ise Jungu Shrine in Mie Prefecture and a few others, most shrines were placed under Buddhist control. Over time, shrines and temples became virtually indistinguishable.

In 1868, however, the new Meiji government sought to restore the legitimacy and power of the emperor using the idea he was a Shinto divinity. It made Shintoism the state religion, priests state officials and began funding some shrines. Buddhist influences were removed from shrines nationwide. Some Shinto activists interpreted the change as implying that Buddhism should be abolished, leading to the “Haibutsfu kishaku” movement which destroyed many temples and historical Buddhist treasures.

Today, however, many Shinto objects can still be found in Buddhist temples and vice versa, proof of the historic and perhaps irreversible coexistence of the two faiths in Japan. These days, many shrines and nearby temples remain friendly neighbors.

“It is very difficult to explain and understand Japanese religion because it is not monotheistic.” said Mibu.

His home temple, Sensoji, was built in the seventh century and is Tokyo’s oldest. Well-known adjacent Asakusa Shrine was built about 300 years later – as an attachment to the temple. They were separated during the Meiji Era (1868-1912).

“Until the separation, Asakusa shrine was used and run by the monks of Sensoji,” said Mibu. “It is interesting that there are more new shrines in Japan than new temples. It is very unique that Shintoism can make someone a god after his or her death. For example, Togo shrine was built to enshrine Heihachiro Togo (1848-1934), the Imperial Japanese Navy fleet admiral.”

After my interview with Mibu, I visited both Sensoji Temple and Asakusa Shrine to pray. Both places are open to anyone, though there are several different rules to follow for each. It was a great opportunity to get a glimpse of the sanctity and diversity of both these historic religions in Japan.

“There are many customs to observe when you visit a shrine, but it is ok if you’re not doing it right,” said Suzukamyo Shrine’s Hoshi. “It would be nice if you remember to bow twice, clap twice and bow once more when you pray at shrine. And also, it is OK if you visit either shrine or temple for ‘hatsumode,’ (first temple or shrine visit of the year).”

Sacred Okinawan sites

Although there are many Shinto shrines and temples in Okinawa, Okinawans have had their own indigenous religion called Nirai Kanai from ancient times. Also known as Ryukyu Shinto, it is similar to Shinto in that it is based on nature and ancestor worship. Nirai Kanai practitioners pray and venerate their gods and ancestors at sacred places called “utaki,” which are usually located on the outskirts of villages.

According to Nirai Kanai belief, the god Amamikiyo created the ancient Ryukyu Kingdom. Nirai Kanai refers to a paradise which exists far away to the east across the ocean. Once a year, gods are said to come from Nirai Kanai bestowing blessings on the people and good harvests. It is also thought that the human soul comes from Nirai Kanai and returns there when people die. Utaki are sacred places used to commune with this realm.

While some utaki are manmade places of worship, they are often largely unaltered natural areas such as a tree-ringed grove, hills or cliffs with a grouping of stones. People worship and pray at utaki by offering incense, flowers and food. It was once widely held that only women should approach utaki (unlike Shinto which has priest, Nirai Kanai has priestesses), and the gods would punish men who did so. It is strongly believed that natural objects should not be removed and vegetation should not be harmed at an utaki.

Okinawa’s most sacred utaki is Sefa Utaki in southeastern Okinawa. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is a series of trails and Ryukyu altars in the jungle atop limestone cliffs that overlook the Pacific Ocean.

– Stripes Okinawa

Popular temples and shrines

Meiji Jingu Shrine, Tokyo
www.meijijingu.or.jp/english/index.html

Kawasaki Daishi Temple, Kangawa
www.kawasakidaishi.com/english/index.html

Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine, Kanagawa

https://www.hachimangu.or.jp/

Visiting Shinto shrines

Shinto priests serve at shrines. People usually visit shrines for weddings, New Year’s, Shichigosan (Japan’s holiday celebrating when girls turn ages 3 and 7, and boys turn ages 3 and 5.), Setsubun (Bean-Throwing Festival) and other festivals. Newborn babies are traditionally brought to a shrine a few weeks after birth.

Traditionally, you should not visit a shrine if you are sick, have an open wound or are in mourning because these are considered causes of impurity. Photography is usually permitted at shrines. Watch for signs.

Torii:
The torii gate is the boundary between a shrine’s holy grounds and the secular world. Passing through the torii gate signifies entering the enshrined deity’s domain. Bowing once in front of the gate is proper etiquette, as is passing through it a little to the side instead of the center were the deity is supposed to walk.

Fountain:
To use the purification fountain near a shrine’s entrance, fill one of the ladles with the water and rinse both hands. Then transfer some water into your cupped hand, rinse your mouth and spit the water out beside the fountain. Don’t drink from the ladle or swallow the water. 

Prayer offering:

1. Bow once and drop a coin into the offering box.
2. Bow deeply twice.
3. Clap your hands twice.
4. Bow deeply one more and pray for a few seconds.

Visiting Buddhist temples

Buddhist monks serve at temples. People usually visit temples for New Year’s, funerals and to visiting family graves on the grounds.

When entering temple buildings, you may need to remove your shoes. Leave them on the shelves at the entrance or take them with you in the plastic bags some temples provided. Wear nice socks. Photography is usually permitted on temple grounds, but forbidden inside some temples. Watch for signs.

Bell:
Bells are used for Buddhist ceremonies such as “Jyoyanokane” purification rites. They are also used to indicate the time.

Incense Burner:
To use the “jyokoro,” or large incense burner, for a healing, buy an incense bundle at the temple, light then extinguish it with a hand wave so it smokes; place it in the burner, lit side up. Fan some of the smoke toward whatever part of your body needs healing.

Prayer offering:

1. Bow and drop a coin into the offering box.
2. Put your palms together (do not clap) in front of your chest and pray. 
3. Bow.

Holiday blessings

In Japan, New Year’s is the biggest holiday of the year. It is one of the few times many Japanese will visit temples and shrines, and a perfect opportunity to see Japan’s religious culture and traditions.

On New Year’s Eve, many Japanese flock to temples and shrines to ring in the new year – literally. Buddhist temples nationwide ring a large bell 108 times before midnight for the “Jyoyanokane,” a ceremony to cleanse humanity of the 108 sins recognized by Buddhism.

Tens of thousands visit temples for “Jyoyanokane” no matter how cold the outside air is, even when it’s snowing.  Many booths are set up in temples to sell traditional foods to visitors. After midnight, many stay at temples to pray for the new year.

Millions also visit shrines or temples between Jan. 1 to 3 for “hatsumode,” the traditional first temple or shrine visit of the year. The National Police Agency estimates that 99.4 million people visited sanctuaries for this tradition in January 2015.

The practice is believed to be a derivative of “toshigomori,”secluding oneself in the shrine of his or her patron deity for an all-night New Year’s Eve vigil. Hatsumode may also be base an old tradition of making a pilgrimage to a shrine or temple that is located in a direction determined by the zodiac of each new year.

Such traditions may have faded, but the advent of modern transportation fueled today’s trend of visiting some of Japan’s more famous temples and shrines during the New Year’s holiday, according to Shinko Mibu, a monk in Sensoji Temple in Tokyo.

“The bottom line is that whether visiting a temple or shrine, Japanese people just like touching something within that’s deeper than the outside world,” said Mibu. “When people come to shrines or temples to pray, it is the time to touch the nothingness. So, if foreign people want to come to hatsumode to shrine or temple, please feel the nothingness in you. On a deeper level, it is the same as when they visit their own religious place like a church.”

Lucky offerings
For luck, use a coin that has a hole in it (5 yen and 50 yen) when making offerings in temples and shrines.

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The Japanese band Les Rallizes Dénudés, which emerged in the late 1960s, has long been a group more heard about than actually heard, its reputation resting more on legend than fact. One crucial piece of the band’s notoriety: Its original bassist was part of a Marxist group that hijacked a Japanese passenger plane and flew it to North Korea in 1970.

Over the years, Rallizes fans have pored over bootleg recordings and sheets of guitar feedback and tried to decipher the band’s cryptic lyrics on social media. Now, after decades of intrigue — and almost three years since the death of Takashi Mizutani, the band’s reclusive leader — the Rallizes are getting the archival treatment. Recordings from 1973 called “The Oz Tapes” were reissued earlier this year, and reissues of the band’s three official albums will come later this fall.

“I never thought this could touch foreigners’ hearts so deeply,” said Makoto Kubota, who played with the Rallizes in the ’70s.

To this day, the band remains enigmatic. Mizutani almost never spoke to the media and was a cipher to his band mates. Even the meaning of the band’s name is obscure. But unearthing the Rallizes archives may get fans closer to the mystery.

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Get the real story of Tokyo Rose! Was she a traitor or hero? Despite what you may have heard, there's a deeper, stunning truth behind the legendary Tokyo Rose. Next week, we are releasing our much anticipated graphic novel Tokyo Rose: Zero Hour — the story of Iva Toguri, a Japanese American woman who was visiting her relatives in Tokyo shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Trapped in Japan, Iva refused to renounce her American citizenship. But she was forced to take a job with Radio Tokyo to host "Zero Hour," a propaganda broadcast aimed at demoralizing American troops — in the role of the infamous Tokyo Rose, "The Siren of the Pacific." The dramatic events recounted in this story include: Iva's arrest by the Americans, who eventually found that her actions were blameless Her emotional return to the United States and the racially-motivated public outcry that led to her rearrest and prosecution for treason The dishonest actions of prosecutors who coerced witnesses into providing false evidence against her The six years she spent in prison, and her eventual pardon by President Ford in 1977 Publishers Weekly says: "A firecracker of a subject helps propel this graphic biography of Iva Toguri D'Aquino and her incredible double life as Tokyo Rose... It's a well-researched history of an unjustly maligned woman and a crackling espionage adventure story, to boot." And BookRiot adds: "This is a fascinating piece of history with far-reaching implications about how Asian Americans are treated today." Just take a look at some of these panels:

In her powerful Foreword, legendary comic letterer Janice Chiang relates her own experience growing up as a first generation American born to Asian immigrant parents:

"As with Iva, we straddled two worlds and two cultures... The racism of our childhood years was not so subtle...we were subjected to racial slurs, people pulled up the sides of their eyelids to imitate Asian eyes, we were asked if we ate dogs and monkeys, people spoke pidgin English to us and laughed. The list goes on and on.

"Iva's strength was knowing her self worth and belief, that as an American citizen she had democratic rights... Faced with unforeseen challenges, Iva basically rolled with the punches, got up, and continued to move forward... In this process, she literally found and used her voice, her purpose, which was to help others."

This is absolutely not a title to pass up — so be sure to pre-order it today!

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How China could choke Taiwan

How China could choke Taiwan

China is honing its ability to blockade Taiwan, the self-governing island that China claims as its own, giving Beijing the option of cutting Taiwan off in its campaign to take control of it. Using a series of maps and images, The Times explained why the island is at risk.

Taiwan’s geography leaves it vulnerable to a blockade. Its population, industry and ports are concentrated on its western flank, closest to China. China can send ships to prevent vessels from entering or leaving Taiwan’s ports, warplanes to dominate the skies, and try to disable undersea cables that carry about 90 percent of the data that connects Taiwan to the world.

While China likely still lacks the ability to quickly invade and seize Taiwan, it could try to impose a blockade to force the island into concessions. Even a limited blockade would threaten one of the world’s busiest trade routes.

Background: For decades, Beijing has had its sights set on Taiwan. It has built up its principal military force, the People’s Liberation Army with the goal of ultimately taking the island, if efforts to unify peacefully fail. It has developed the world’s largest navy, which now challenges American supremacy in the region.

Rising tensions: China’s military exercises this month were not a blockade. They were meant to intimidate Taiwan and the U.S. and normalize a military presence near Taiwan, raising the risk of conflict.

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A Comic Book Artist Travels Japan! In these times of limited or challenging travel, we could all benefit from an escape to another culture in book form. Audry Nicklin is a comic book artist who traveled Japan and kept an amazing journal — one you'll love to read and possibly emulate on your next trip! Although she only had ten days to see everything she had dreamed of, Audry recorded some amazing sights. Armed with her watercolors and accompanied by her husband, Connor, she explored Hiroshima and its Peace Memorial Park; the famous red-gated shrine at Miyajima; Himeji Castle; neon-lit Osaka; the ancient temples of Mount Koya, Nara, and Kyoto; and the crowded streets and leafy parks of Tokyo. The highlights of Audry's grand tour of Japan include: Encounters with wild deer while visiting the famous Miyajima red gate A visit to Hiroshima's Atomic Bomb Museum Spotting geishas on the backstreets of Kyoto A visit to the Tokyo graveyard where the famed 47 Ronin are buried Tasting authentic dishes like sushi, okonomiyaki, ramen and Japanese BBQ. Tips on getting around Japan by bullet train, local train, ferry, and bus! With cute illustrations and entertaining commentary from the artist, this book will appeal to manga fans and anyone who loves Japan. And it may just be the perfect artful getaway for those who can't get away.  Here's a sneak peak:

You can preorder Audry's gorgeous book here. And if you want to enter for a chance to win a copy, plus a custom illustrated and signed bookplate, head over to our Instagram page.

Tensions in Taiwan

 

Tensions in Taiwan

The focus this week has turned to Taiwan. Nancy Pelosi, the speaker of the House, may soon stop there, as part of her current tour of Asia, which would make her the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit the island in years. Newt Gingrich visited in 1997 when he was speaker, and Alex Azar, Trump’s secretary of health and human services, went in 2020.

Chinese officials have reacted angrily to Pelosi’s planned visit, which underscores China’s new aggression toward Taiwan. Xi Jinping, China’s president, seemed to be referring to her last week when he told Biden that the U.S. should not “play with fire.” Some U.S. intelligence officials believe that China may send fighter jets to escort Pelosi’s plane as it approaches Taiwan or take steps in coming weeks to damage Taiwan’s economy.

Biden administration officials yesterday tried to warn China from taking aggressive action. “Our actions are not threatening and they break no new ground,” John Kirby, a spokesman, said at the White House yesterday. “Nothing about this potential visit — potential visit — which oh, by the way, has precedent, would change the status quo.”

There are no easy choices for the U.S. in this situation.

If Pelosi had canceled the visit, she would have been overruling the wishes of Taiwan’s leaders. A visit, said my colleague Amy Qin, who is based in Taiwan, “boosts Taiwan’s legitimacy on the international stage.”

As Edward Wong, a Times correspondent who covers diplomacy from Washington, said, “Supporters of the trip argue that it’s the U.S. sending a message to Beijing that Taiwan is important enough to us that we are going to engage at senior levels.” He described the trip as a version of “diplomatic deterrence,” trying to remind China of the potential consequences if it did invade Taiwan.

A cancellation, by contrast, would have risked sending the message that China can dictate American relations with Taiwan. It would have the potential to repeat the mistakes that the U.S. made with Putin over the past 20 years, when it repeatedly tried to appease him.

Putin invaded Georgia, annexed Ukraine’s Crimea peninsula, murdered Russian dissidents and intervened in the U.S. presidential election in 2016. Each time, the U.S. avoided major confrontation, partly out of a worry that it could spark a larger war. Putin, viewing the U.S. and Western Europe as weak, responded last year with a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

If China believes the U.S. won’t ultimately come to Taiwan’s defense, the chances of an invasion may increase.

But the risks of a confrontational approach are also real. Pelosi’s visit, for example, may lead Chinese airplanes to near Taiwan in new ways. “If they enter into Taiwan’s territorial airspace, an incident could happen, whether Xi wants one or not,” Bonnie Glaser, the director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the U.S., told The Times.

Cao Qun, a researcher at a state-run Chinese think tank, recently wrote: “The chances of a clash between China and the United States in the Taiwan Strait are growing.”

Have you been here?

 

Japan’s marauding monkeys

 

Japan’s marauding monkeys

Officials in the western Japanese city of Yamaguchi killed a monkey this week that they believe was responsible for a spate of attacks against humans.

Approximately 25,000 monkeys are killed each year in Japan, mostly by municipalities. Clashes between humans and macaques — also known as snow monkeys — are becoming more frequent. In Yamaguchi alone, 56 victims were attacked by a monkey this month, including a baby girl injured in her home and a 4-year-old girl pounced on at a kindergarten.

Japan’s macaque population is thriving, in large part because conservation efforts have been a tad too successful. The population recovery has “provoked and intensified” human-macaque conflicts to the point where people living near the animals now face serious risks of having their own habitats invaded, Hiroto Enari, a primate expert, wrote in a recent study.

The most serious concern, Enari said, is that the animals could spread hepatitis B or other diseases to humans.

Elsewhere in Asia: Human-monkey conflicts are not new to the region. In Thailand, the city of Lopburi has been under siege for years from aggressive crab-eating macaques. In Singapore, officials recently had to guard an apartment complex from invading monkeys.

From Amy Chavez, author of The Widow, the Priest, and the Octopus Hunter:

 

From Amy Chavez, author of The Widow, the Priest, and the Octopus Hunter: "I'm sad to report that the Stone Bridge Lady (p. 27) has passed away at 97 years old. Ishibashi-nechan (older sister Ishibashi) as everyone called her, was the powerful force behind her husband who brought many modern conveniences to Shiraishi Island in the 1960's, including running water and roads. She was lovely to talk to, always lively, and gifted me much of her time describing the old ways of Shiraishi Island..." Read the rest of Amy's Facebook tribute.

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インディカーのドライバーで現在の放送局であるタウンゼントベルは、レースがどのように進むかをよりよく理解するために、シミュレーターでサーキットデラサルト周辺の次世代車をテストするのに1時間費やしました。

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Powerful untold stories...

When American journalist Amy Chavez moved to the tiny island of Shiraishi (population 430), she rented a house from an elderly woman named Eiko, who left many of her most cherished possessions in the house — including a portrait of Emperor Hirohito and a family altar bearing the spirit tablet of her late husband.

Why did she abandon these things? And why did her tombstone later bear the name of a daughter no one knew? These are just some of the mysteries Amy pursues as she explores the lives of Shiraishi's elusive residents.

And what she proceeds to uncover are powerful untold stories — and unusual secrets — from a resilient generation of island inhabitants, including an octopus hunter, a Buddhist priest, a "pufferfish widow," and a mountain-hiking postmaster.

When we asked Amy specifically about the women of this tiny island, here's what she had to say:

"The women here are just so stalwart, it’s impressive. They are not at all the stereotype of the meek or yielding Japanese woman. There’s the self-reliant 'Runaway,' who escaped to Tokyo when she was a high school student and married a Tokyo boy not of her parents’ choosing. There’s 'The Go-Between' who, like many others, thinks herself lucky she took the partner her parents had chosen for her rather than the one she would have chosen (and she herself became a go-between). 'The Mother of Eleven' expresses some of the injustices of her marriage and how she reconciled it. The 'Tombstone-Maker's Wife' married a man she had never met because she and her six siblings were so destitute, she saw it as an opportunity to escape poverty."

The Widow, The Priest, and The Octopus Hunter is out now. And you can read our interview with the author, Amy Chavez, right here.

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